Sections Syndication |
Cost ControlCost ControlProject cost control includes:
Section 7.3.1 Cost Control: Inputs.1 Cost Baseline Described in Section 7.2.3.1. .2 Project Funding Requirements Described in Section 7.2.3.2. .3 Performance Reports Performance reports (Section 10.3.3.1) provide information on cost and resource performance as a result of actual work progress. .4 Work Performance Information Work performance information (Section 4.4.3.7) pertaining to the status and cost of project activities being performed is collected. This information includes, but is not limited to:
.5 Approved Change Requests Approved change requests (Section 4.4.1.4) from the Integrated Change Control process (Section 4.6) can include modifications to the cost terms of the contract, project scope, cost baseline, or cost management plan. .6 Project Management Plan The project management plan and its cost management plan component and other subsidiary plans are considered when performing the Cost Control process. Section 7.3.2 Cost Control: Tools and Techniques.1 Cost Change Control System A cost change control system, documented in the cost management plan, defines the procedures by which the cost baseline can be changed. It includes the forms, documentation, tracking systems, and approval levels necessary for authorizing changes. The cost change control system is integrated with the integrated change control process (Section 4.6). .2 Performance Measurement Analysis Performance measurement techniques help to assess the magnitude of any variances that will invariably occur. The earned value technique (EVT) compares the cumulative value of the budgeted cost of work performed (earned) at the original allocated budget amount to both the budgeted cost of work scheduled (planned) and to the actual cost of work performed (actual). This technique is especially useful for cost control, resource management, and production. An important part of cost control is to determine the cause of a variance, the magnitude of the variance, and to decide if the variance requires corrective action. The earned value technique uses the cost baseline (Section 7.2.3.1) contained in the project management plan (Section 4.3) to assess project progress and the magnitude of any variations that occur. The earned value technique involves developing these key values for each schedule activity, work package, or control account:
The PV, EV, and AC values are used in combination to provide performance measures of whether or not work is being accomplished as planned at any given point in time. The most commonly used measures are cost variance (CV) and schedule variance (SV). The amount of variance of the CV and SV values tend to decrease as the project reaches completion due to the compensating effect of more work being accomplished. Predetermined acceptable variance values that will decrease over time as the project progresses towards completion can be established in the cost management plan.
These two values, the CV and SV, can be converted to efficiency indicators to reflect the cost and schedule performance of any project.
Figure 7-7 uses S-curves to display cumulative EV data for a project that is over budget and behind the work plan. The earned value technique in its various forms is a commonly used method of performance measurement. It integrates project scope, cost (or resource) and schedule measures to help the project management team assess project performance. .3 Forecasting Forecasting includes making estimates or predictions of conditions in the project's future based on information and knowledge available at the time of the forecast. Forecasts are generated, updated, and reissued based on work performance information (Section 4.4.3.7) provided as the project is executed and progressed. The work performance information is about the project's past performance and any information that could impact the project in the future, for example, estimate at completion and estimate to complete. The earned value technique parameters of BAC, actual cost (ACC) to date, and the cumulative CPIC efficiency indicator are used to calculate ETC and EAC, where the BAC is equal to the total PV at completion for a schedule activity, work package, control account, or other WBS component. Formula: BAC = total cumulative PV at completion Forecasting techniques help to assess the cost or the amount of work to complete schedule activities, which is called the EAC. Forecasting techniques also help to determine the ETC, which is the estimate for completing the remaining work for a schedule activity, work package, or control account. While the earned value technique of determining EAC and ETC is quick and automatic, it is not as valuable or accurate as a manual forecasting of the remaining work to be done by the project team. The ETC forecasting technique based upon the performing organization providing the estimate to complete is:
Alternatively, to calculate ETC using earned value data, one of two formulas is typically used:
An EAC is a forecast of the most likely total value based on project performance (Section 4.4) and risk quantification (Section 11.4). EAC is the projected or anticipated total final value for a schedule activity, WBS component, or project when the defined work of the project is completed. One EAC forecasting technique is based upon the performing organization providing an estimate at completion:
The two most common forecasting techniques for calculating EAC using earned value data are some variation of:
Each of these approaches can be the correct approach for any given project and will provide the project management team with a signal if the EAC forecasts are not within acceptable tolerances. .4 Project Performance Reviews Performance reviews compare cost performance over time, schedule activities or work packages overrunning and underrunning budget (planned value), milestones due, and milestones met. Performance reviews are meetings held to assess schedule activity, work package, or cost account status and progress, and are typically used in conjunction with one or more of the following performance-reporting techniques:
.5 Project Management Software Project management software, such as computerized spreadsheets, is often used to monitor PV versus AC, and to forecast the effects of changes or variances. .6 Variance Management The cost management plan (Section 7.1.3.4) describes how cost variances will be managed, for example, having different responses to major or minor problems. The amount of variance tends to decrease as more work is accomplished. The larger variances allowed at the start of the project can be decreased as the project nears completion. Section 7.3.3 Cost Control: Outputs.1 Cost Estimates (Updates) Revised schedule activity cost estimates are modifications to the cost information used to manage the project. Appropriate stakeholders are notified as needed. Revised cost estimates may require adjustments to other aspects of the project management plan. .2 Cost Baseline (Updates) Budget updates are changes to an approved cost baseline. These values are generally revised only in response to approved changes in project scope. However, in some cases, cost variances can be so severe that a revised cost baseline is needed to provide a realistic basis for performance measurement. .3 Performance Measurements The calculated CV, SV, CPI, and SPI values for WBS components, in particular the work packages and control accounts, are documented and communicated (Section 10.3.3.1) to stakeholders. .4 Forecasted Completion Either a calculated EAC value or a performing organization-reported EAC value is documented and the value communicated (Section 10.3.3.1) to stakeholders. Either a calculated ETC value or a reported ETC value provided by the performing organization is documented and the value communicated to stakeholders. .5 Requested Changes Analysis of project performance can generate a request for a change to some aspect of the project. Identified changes can require increasing or decreasing the budget. Requested changes (Section 4.4.3.2) are processed for review and disposition through the Integrated Change Control process (Section 4.6). .6 Recommended Corrective Actions A corrective action is anything done to bring expected future performance of the project in line with the project management plan. Corrective action in the area of cost management often involves adjusting schedule activity budgets, such as special actions taken to balance cost variances. .7 Organizational Process Assets (Updates) Lessons learned are documented so they can become part of the historical databases for both the project and the performing organization. Lessons learned documentation includes the root causes of variances, the reasoning behind the corrective action chosen, and other types of lessons learned from cost, resource, or resource production control. .8 Project Management Plan (Updates) Schedule activity, work package, or planning package cost estimates (Chapter 7 introductory material), as well as the cost baseline (Section 7.2.3.1), cost management plan, and project budget documents are components of the project management plan. All approved change requests (Section 4.4.1.4) affecting those documents are incorporated as updates to those documents. 1803
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