^[4]See, e.g., John J. McGonagle and Carolyn M. Vella, Protecting Your Company against Competitive Intelligence (Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books, 1998).

^[5]We believe that this is the result of the common syndrome of making all knowledge current. For example, when asked about a firm where an employee formerly worked, that employee will typically speak in the present, that is "They are doing ..." So, too, do executives speak of current conditions or participants in the market, when they really should be saying, "The last time I affirmatively refreshed my knowledge, which was seven months/years ago, the following was true ..."